There has been some work in this area:

http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/~caesar/papers/rofl.pdf http://www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~pasquini/artigos/sbrc_2009.pd... http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/homes/pbg/papers/Scalable_Routing_on_...

None of these find shortest paths; they aim to find paths that are within a constant factor of shortest.